Project - 6

 

SWACHH VISAKHA THROUGH SWACHH BHARATH

(The Opinion Survey from Greater Visakhapatnam Citizens)

Abstract

Swachh Bharath Mission was launched by our Hon. Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi on October 2,2014 with Mahatma Gandhi as the inspiration, to create a clean India of his dream by 2019.The Swachh Bharat Abhiyan is the most significant cleanliness campaign by the Government of India. Shri Narendra Modi led a cleanliness pledge at India Gate, which about thirty lakh government employees across the country joined. He also flagged off a walkathon at Rajpath and surprised people by joining in not just for a token few steps, but marching with the participants for a long way. While leading the mass movement for cleanliness, the Prime Minister exhorted people to fulfil Mahatma Gandhi’s dream of a clean and hygienic India. Shri Narendra Modi himself initiated the cleanliness drive at Mandir Marg Police Station. Picking up the broom to clean the dirt, making Swachh Bharat Abhiyan a mass movement across the nation, the Prime Minister said people should neither litter, nor let others litter. He gave the mantra of ‘Na gandagikarenge, Na karnedenge.’ Shri Narendra Modi also invited nine people to join the cleanliness drive and requested each of them to draw nine more into the initiative. The basic objective is to create sanitation facilities for all and eliminate completely the unhealthy practice of open defacation. The objectives of the campaign include elimination of open defacation, conversion of insanitary toilets to pour flush toilets, eradication of manual scavenging and above all to bring a behavioral change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices and to ensure public participation in achieving these objectives

 

The project examines about Swacch Visakhapatnam through Swacch Bharat, to know whether the people of Visakhapatnam are aware of it, how the people are making use of the facilities provided by the government, to know whether there is an improvement in the city after the launch of Swachh Bharath Abhiyan and how the city has been in terms of cleanliness.

The Objectives of the Study: To know the awareness of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan among the citizens of Visakhapatnam Greater City, To know the opinion of people on Swachh Bharat Abhiyan in terms of Cleanliness, To know whether the people are following healthy sanitation practices or not and To suggest the initiatives for development of Programme for Policy makers.

 To outreach the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was prepared in order to assess their knowledge, Perception and Practices regarding Swachh Bharath Abhiyan. A study was conducted among 254 respondents. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS Software.

Methodology:

Primary Data:

Survey forms are distributed to the local residents of Visakhapatnam for data collection. Survey forms contain questionnaire. The reasons were:

1)    To determine whether or not the queries chosen are going to be relevant in addressing the set objectives of the analysis and conjointly to update form and discard pointless queries.

2)    To rectify errors before the specific questionnaires go out to the particular respondents.

3)    To calculate the intermediate response rate within the use of numerous medium for information collection.

Sample Size:

The population under-study which consists of  the population 4.3072 million (estimated) as of 2019, it is remarkably impossible to interview such chaotic amount of population. 254 respondents of Visakhapatnam have been surveyed.

Results and Discussions: In the study, 38.97 per cent of respondents with age group 15-25 have more awareness of Swachh Bharath Abhiyan compared to the other age groups. It is resulted that age does not have any impact on awareness of Swachh Bharath Abhiyan. It can be concluded that more per cent (65.74) of respondents did not volunteer in Swachh Bharath Abhiyan. 36.61 per cent of respondents with education U.G. & above are more aware of Swachh Bharath Abhiyan App compared to other education levels. It can be concluded that more percent of respondents have not used the Swachh Bharath Abhiyan app. It is resulted that education does not have any impact on usage of Swachh Bharath Abhiyan app. It can be concluded that cent percent are aware on wet & dry waste. 36.22 per cent of respondents belonging to U.G. & above education dispose wet & dry waste separately more compared to respondents in other education levels. 24.01 per cent of respondents of U.G. & above responded that there is more availability of wet & dry waste dustbins in their locality. 51.6 percent of respondents said that the dumpster trucks come daily to pick up the household waste. It can be concluded that more number of respondents i.e. 33.1 percent give less than Rs.50 to the dumpster trucks in their locality per month. More number of respondents i.e. 37.79 percent of U.G. & above education level use eco-friendly bags more compared to respondents of other education levels. It is resulted that education does not have any impact on usage of eco-friendly bags. More number of respondents i.e. 45.7 percent found less littering on roads compared to other respondents. More number of respondents i.e. 28.7 percent strongly agreed that they are satisfied with their sewage systems in their locality. More number of respondents i.e. 35.0 percent agreed that the road dividers are appropriately covered with plants compared to other respondents. More number of respondents i.e. 24.40 percent of U.G. & above education strongly agreed that the cleanliness of the city has improved after the launch of Swachh Bharath Abhiyan compared to the respondents of other education levels. It is resulted that education does not have any impact on improvement of cleanliness after the launch of Swachh Bharath Abhiyan. More number of respondents i.e. 37.79 percent of U.G. & above education strongly agreed that Swachh Bharath Abhiyan was needed in India compared to respondents of other education levels. It can be concluded that more number of respondents i.e. 16.14 percent of U.G. & above education strongly agreed that Swachh Bharath has changed the mindset of people. It can be concluded that more number of respondents i.e. 24.40 percent of 15-25 age group said that construction of public toilets, proper disposal of industrial waste, ban of plastic bags and improvement of sewage systems should be done in order to make this campaign more effective compared to other age groups. It is resulted that age factor does not have any impact on needs of the campaign. More number of respondents i.e. 40.15 percent of U.G. & above education are aware of Swachh Survekshan 2020 compared with respondents of other education levels. It is resulted that education does not have any impact on awareness of Swachh Survekshan 2020.

Major Findings of the study: Open defecation has always been a major problem in India and it is being practiced for many years continuously .People in rural areas are especially prone to open elimination and no one can deny the fact that the open elimination is a big reason for causing diseases and sometimes fatal diseases like cholera, diarrhea, typhoid etc

Swachh Bharath Abhiyan will help India in becoming open defection free and rural to be healthy and happy.

 The   condition in urban areas in India is not much better than those in the rural areas in context of cleanliness Big cities and towns are the main sources of open dumping and littering. Even, sometimes, the open dumping is done on the road side or near a public place like any park, shopping malls, schools and colleges and other places and people passing through these ways are infected to dangerous viruses and get sick.

The poor hygiene and sanitation also effect the economic condition of India and makes it slowly worse every year.

As per another report/survey, children death rate in India is very high and it invites the death of minimum 1000 children everyday only because of poor hygiene, lack of cleanliness and the mass practices of open excretion.

The extreme need of “Swachh Bharat Abhiyan” in India can also be understood by the fact that the river “Ganga”, which is considered to be the holiest river in India and bathing in which was considered to make you get rid of many diseases, has now became dirty and now it’s Open elimination has always been a major problem in India and it is being practiced for many years continuously. 

• As per another report/survey, children’s death rate in India is very high and it invites the death of minimum 1000 water is being the reason for many diseases

Policy Implications: Go organic, stop using plastics, gift someone something wrapped in newspapers, reduce your carbon footprint, throw wrappers in dustbins only. There are numerous effect you can make and give contribution towards cleanliness of India.

1 Make them understand that we have some responsibilities towards India and cleanliness is one of them.

2 Probability is there, if you do above two in regular basis and show them your contribution towards Swachh Bharath, they will learn slowly and steadily.

3 Tell them a large part of India would be avoiding various health hazards if we just give our sincere contribution towards Swachh Bharath Abhiyan.

4 Government has urged has every citizen to spend 100 hours of the year towards the cleanliness program of India(approx 16 min)

5 Using public transportation.

Fi Finding a washroom and not littering on roads.

7 Absence of good hygiene is also caused by the lack of proper knowledge Poor people living in camps in urban areas do not possess education and that is why they do not understand the value of sanitation. Swachh Bharat Abhiyan has also focused on making people aware of the bad effects of poor hygiene and telling them to maintain proper cleanliness around them for their own safety

8  Cleanliness is not for our personal growth only but it is also for the growth of the nation as well. Cleaning the national birth rights and public places in India and making them choking free will grow the tourism in India that will ultimately increase the GDP of the nation and will help to run the economy smoothly.

“Pick up the broom without being mean; our basic need is proper cleanliness and hygiene”

***

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Project - 5

 

Factors Which Motivate To Smoke Among Adults – A Statistical Analysis

(With Reference to Visakhapatnam City)

Abstract

       Cigarette smoking is one of the major killers in the world. Like  most  people, you  already  know  that  smoking  is  bad  for  your  health. People start smoking for different reasons. Some think it looks cool. Others start because their family members or friends smoke. Almost  all  adult  tobacco  users  started  before  they  were  18 years  old. Smoking  is  a  hard  habit  to  break  because  tobacco  contains  the  very  addictive  chemical  nicotine. Also beware of vamping. Battery-operated  e-cigarettes  use  cartridges  filled  with  nicotine, flavourings, and  other  harmful  chemicals  and  turn  them  into  a  vapour  that’s  inhaled  by  the  user. In  fact, there  are  reports  of  serious  lung  damage  and  even  death  among  people  who  use  e-cigarettes. smoking leads to health problems such as Heart  Disease, Stroke, Lung  damage, Many types of Cancer – including lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer.   Smoking   can   affect   sexual health in both men and women. who smoke while pregnancy or before they got pregnant usually give birth to babies with birth defects, who are premature or are underweight. Teen smokers can have many of these problems are: Bad  breath, Bad-smelling  clothes  and  hair, Trouble  keeping  up  in  sports, Greater  risk  of  injury  and  slower  healing  time, Increased  risk  of  illness. Surgeon  General’s  report  on  tobacco  is  the  second  to  focus  solely  on  young  people. the  symptoms  of  addiction  in  youth  are  similar  to  those  in adults. if  young  people  can  remain  free  of  tobacco  until  18 years  of  age,  most  will  never  start  to  smoke.  Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people.  nearly one  in  four  high  school  seniors  is  a  current  smoker. Most young smokers become adult smokers.

     Thousand of young people start smoking cigarettes every day.  Each  day, about  2000  people  younger  than  18  years  smoke  their  first  cigarette. Each  day,  over  300  people  younger  than  18  years  become  daily  cigarette  smoker.  And many adult cigarette smokers want to quit smoking. The Indian health ministry’s attempts at issuing warning labels on tobacco products. In October, the then health minister Harsh Vardhan wanted this to be raised to 85%, with 60% graphic images and 25% written warnings.  WARNING:CIGARETTE SMOKING IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH”   The prevalence of tobacco use in india ranged from 14% among aged 13-15 years to 57% among males aged 18-49 years. Tobacco use is continuously increases with a rate of 3.4% annually. Present study was conducted to find the prevalence of smoking and factors associated with smoking among youth population. The prevalence of tobacco use among children and teenagers, Rates of overall tobacco use remain high, however. In 2015, 25.3 percent of high school students and 7.4 percent of middle school students used a tobacco product. Cigarette smoking by gender and age is smoking prevalence is highest among young adults: 23% of those aged 16-24 and 24% among the 25-34 age group. The only thing that really helps is staying away from all these products. If you do smoke or vape and want to quit, you have lots of information and support available. When quitting, know that the first few days are the hardest. So don’t give up. Some people find they have a few relapses before they manage to quit for good. Staying smoke-free will give you more money in your pocket, and in the long run, more life to life.

 Need & Relevance of the study:Tobacco use in different forms is one of the most common substance abuse indulged by adolescents world-wide. Nearly 6 million deaths due to tobacco use occur every year, which may increase to 8 million deaths/year by 2030. Of these, 70% deaths will occur in the developing countries, mainly China and India. Young people are the most vulnerable segment and adolescence is found to be the most susceptible time for initiating tobacco use. It was estimated in 1999-2001 that approximately 5500 adolescents, some as young as 10 years old start tobacco use every day in our country and nearly 4 million young people under the age of 15 years are already using tobacco regularly. In India, the current prevalence of any form of tobacco use among school-going adolescents(aged 13-15 years) has been reported to be 17.5% (2.7-63%).Various factors influence tobacco use among adolescent students. Addiction to tobacco products and other substance of abuse among family members and peer groups, family conflicts, poor school performance, truancy and school dropouts has been found to be associated with smoking at an early age. We undertook this study to determine the prevalence of tobacco use among adolescent students in kolkata and determine the different factors related to the parents, peer group, family dynamics and personal characteristics  that influence this habit. Though this classification was developed for adults, we used this for the present study as there are no specific definitions for adolescents and children. Students were ask about the smoking habit of father which was defined as daily smoking of at least one cigarettes/bidi. personal characteristics - smoking and alcohol addiction of friends and self, sexual exposure of friends and self, the adolescent's interest about school and concern for study, and involvement in physical activity. We used the following definitions of the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for categorizing students with smoking habit.

Objectives: To examine which factors motivate the adults to become a smoker. To analyse really aware on ill health problems due to smoking. To find remedies to reduce access of  tobacco products.  

Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire study was conducted among 18-25 year old college going students attending various colleges. All those who were current smokers were included into the study only after explaining the study purpose and obtaining informed consent from them. Hence, a total of 500 students participated in the study. A 31-item self administered questionnaire was used for the study(Table 1A and 1B). Each item was a closed-ended question with a single answer. The questionnaire items included several self-report measures developed and used over numerous studies, as well as , several report measures used by other investigators in other studies to measure the knowledge, attitude and practice towards smoking and its ill effects on oral and general health. Twenty subjects pretested the questionnaire to assess validity and suitable modifications were done before field administration. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency coefficient [the value averaged0.82].

The questionnaire assessed about the tobacco use, no of cigarettes they smoked every day, what form of smoking do they prefer, early smoking experiences and sensations, factors that might motivate a quit attempt, ill effects of smoking on oral health, other psychosocial variables associated with adolescent smoking and about the different NRTs available. Before the revised survey was administered, prior permissions were obtained from the heads of the respective institutions. Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional board. The pre tested questionnaire was administered after explaining the study purpose and informing that they were required to complete the entire questionnaire. This was done to reduce drop outs due to incomplete questionnaire. No study subject was forced to complete the questionnaire. Study subjects were not permitted to discuss among themselves while answering the questionnaire and the survey was completed in the presence of the investigator. The investigator clarified doubts and answered students’ queries regarding the questionnaire.

Data was analyzed using the SPSS software Version 16.0.Descriptive statistics included percentages, frequencies and chi square tests were used to find out significant differences. (p<0.05)

Snowball Sampling: Snowball sampling is where research participants recruit other participants for a test or study. It is used where potential participants are hard to find. It’s called snowball sampling because (in theory) once you have the ball rolling, it picks up more “snow” along the way and becomes larger and larger. Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method. It doesn’t have the probability involved, with say, simple random sampling (where the odds are the same for any particular participant being chosen). Rather, the researchers used their own judgment to choose participants.

Snowball sampling consists of two steps:

   Identify potential subjects in the population. Often, only one or two subjects can be found initially. Ask those subjects to recruit other people (and then ask those people to recruit. Participants should be made aware that they do not have to provide any other names.

  These steps are repeated until the needed sample size is found. Ethically, the study participants should not be asked to identify other potential participants. Rather, they should be asked to encourage others to come forward. When individuals are named, it’s sometimes called “cold-calling”, as you are calling out of the blue. Cold-calling is usually reserved for snowball sampling where there’s no risk of potential embarrassment or other ethical dilemmas.

  For example, it would be easier to cold-call participants in a study for families who regularly dine at fast-food restaurants than it would be to cold-call people who are having extra-marital affairs. Snowball sampling can be a tricky ethical path to navigate. Therefore, you’ll probably be in contact with an institutional review board (like this one) or another department similarly involved in ethics.

Period Of Time:

Here we are 5 members in a group and the period of time. we have taken is 15 days for the collection of the data from different branches.

Major Findings:

The analysis relating to sample respondents belonging to various areas and various occupations explains that there are 172 people here who are addicted to the smoking are explained below:

The  table, here is explained that the total frequencies are 172. The respondent result from akkaipalem is 13.4 percent and respondent result from allipuram 3.5 percent and respondent result from angati d is 2.3 percent and respondent result from Anthony nagar is 1.7 and respondent result from arilova is 1.2 and respondent result from bheemili is 1.7 percent and respondent result from chinnawaltair is 1.2 percent and respondent result from dabagardance is 1.7 percent and respondent result from dondaparthi is 6 percent and respondent result from dwarakanagar is 1.7 percent and respondent result from gajuwaka is 6 percent and respondent result from gopalapatnam is 6 percent and respondent result from gurudwar is 6 percent and respondent result from hanumanthawaka is 6 percent and respondent result from isukathota is 6 percent and respondent result from H.B colony is 6 percent and respondent result from jagadamba is 1.7 percent and respondent result from K.G.H is 2.9 percent and respondent result from kailasapuram 6 percent and respondent result from kancharapalem is 1.2 percent and respondent result from komadhi is 2.3 percent and respondent result from krishna nagar is 1.2 percent and respondent result from lalitha nagar is 1.2 percent and respondent result from M.V.P is 3.5 percent and respondent result from madilapalem is 6.4 percent and respondent result from maharanipeta is 2.3 percent and respondent result from murali nagar is 1.2 percent and respondent result from P.M palem is 1.2 percent and respondent result from pedawaltair is 6 percent and respondent result from poorna market is 2.3 percent and respondent result from Prasad gramam is6 percent and respondent result frompurna market is 6.4 percent and respondent result from r.k beach is 1.2 percent and respondent result from railway colony is 4.7 percent and respondent result from ramatakise is 6 percent and respondent result from ram nagar is 1.7 percent and respondent result from rushikonda is 1.7 percent and respondent result from sagarnagar is 6 percent and respondent result salipeta is 4.1 percent and respondent result from seethamadhara is 5.8 percent and respondent result from sivaji palem is 6 percent and siripuram is 6 percent and respondent result from siripuram is 6 percent and respondent result from steal plant is 6 percent and respondent result from tathichetlapalem is 6 percent and respondent result from thagarapuvalasa is 1.2 percent and respondent result from ushodhaya is 6 percent and respondent result from venkatesh is 6 percent and respondent result from vishalakshi nagar is 6 percent and respondent result from yendada is 6 percent. The total valid    respondent is 100.

By the result it is explained that the  frequency age wise table, it is observed that the total frequencies are 172. From the age of 13 to 16 years the respondent’s percentage is 5.8 and 17 to 20 years the respondent’s percentage is 59.9 and 21 to 25 years the respondents percentage is 34.3. The total valid percent is 100

The major finding here is, it is observed that the total frequencies are 172. From the occupation of smoker , the respondent of the auto driver is 6 percent and the respondents of the business man is 1.2 percent and the respondents of the cab driver is 6 percent and the respondents of the call centers percentage is 1.7 and the respondents percentage of cooking is 6 and the respondents of the driver is 3.5 percent and the respondents of the medical worker is 1.2 percent and the respondents of private job percentage is 5.8 and the respondents of sell's man percentage is 2.3 and the respondents of the shop keeper percentage is 4.1 and the respondents percentage of the software job is 6 and the respondents percentage of the students are 76.2. The total valid percent is 100.

The table explains that there are 172 people  and the family member who smokes in front of children is 18 people ie: 10.4% and the family members who doesn’t smoke in front of children is 50 members ie: 29% and the total number of family members is 68 and the percentage is 39.5% followed by the family friend who smoke in front of children is 17 members and the percentage is 9.8% and the family friend who doesn’t smoke in front of their children is 42 members and their percentage is 24.4% and the total number of family friends are 59 ie: 34.3% with respect to the people who smoke in premises of college  is 8 members ie:4.6% and the people who doesn’t smoke in premises of the college is 10 members  ie:5.8% and the total number of people are 18 and their percentage is 10.4% followed by the people who  smoke none of the given places is 1 ie :0.5% and the people who doesn’t smoke in neither of the given places is 26 members and the percentage is 15.1%  and the total number of people are 27 and their percentage is 15.6% .now The total people who agrees to this question is 44 members with 25.5% and the people who disagree with the given question is 128 members that is 74.4% and the total people are 172 and the percentage is 100%. It also describes that the Pearson chi-square value is 10.505 and the df value is 3 and significant difference (2-sided) is 0.015 followed by the likelihood ratio value is 12.872 with df 3 and 2 sided significant difference is 0.005 followed by linear-by-linear association value is 2.193 with df 1 and 2 sided significance difference is 0.139 and the total number of valid cases is 172.

The above table describes that high school (complete or incomplete) persons are agree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 2 and the percentage is (1.1) and high school (complete or incomplete) persons are disagree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 7 and the percentage is (4) and high school (complete or incomplete) persons are not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 3 and the percentage is (1.7) and total high school (complete or incomplete)  persons are agree and disagree and not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 12 and the percentage is (6.9) and college (complete or incomplete) persons are agree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 6 and the percentage is (3.4) and college (complete or incomplete) persons are disagree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 19 and the percentage is (11) and college (complete or incomplete)persons are not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 13 and the percentage is (7.5) and total college (complete or incomplete) persons are agree and disagree and not sure about the improvement in their studies due to smoking is 38 and the percentage is (22) and graduation (complete or incomplete) persons are agree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 16 and the percentage is (9.3) and graduation (complete or incomplete) persons are disagree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 53 and the percentage is (30.8) and graduation (complete or incomplete) persons are not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 43 and the percentage is (25) and total graduation (complete or incomplete)  persons are agree and disagree and not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 112 and the percentage is (65.1) and job holders are agree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 2 and the percentage is (1.1) and job holders are disagree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 3 and the percentage is (1.7) and job holders are not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 3 and the percentage is (1.7) and total job holders are agree and disagree and not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 8 and the percentage is (4.6) and illiterate persons are agree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 0 and the percentage is (0) and illiterate persons are disagree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 0 and the percentage is (0) and illiterate persons are not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 2 and the percentage is (1.1) and total illiterate persons are agree and disagree and not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 2 and the percentage is (1.1) and total high school, college, graduation (complete or incomplete), job, illiterate persons are agree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 26 and the percentage is (15.1) and total high school, college, graduation (complete or incomplete), job, illiterate persons are disagree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 82 and the percentage is (47.6) and total high school, college, graduation (complete or incomplete), job, illiterate persons are not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 64 and the percentage is (37.2) and the total people participated to answer this question is 172 and the percentage is (100).

POLICY IMPLICATIONS:

·         Improving pension and insurance regulations to encourage divestment      from tobacco producers;

 

·         Improving regulations to enable bond issuance and investment for       long-term, sustainable finance for switching from tobacco sector.

 

·         Strengthening certification and Environmental, Social and Governance    (ESG) standards

·         Cost of damage to ecosystems estimated through Ecosystem

          Services Valuation and impose those on tobacco industries by form of                  special tax.

·                ***

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Project -4

 

A STATISTICAL ANALYSIS ON CHILD (0-5 YEARS) HEALTH CARE PRACTICES IN VISAKHAPATNAM

ABSTRACT

To assess the time allocation for child care and the nutritional status of children aged below 5 years. A survey was conducted using a structured questionnaire and taking of anthropometric measurements to determine the nutritional status of children aged below 5 years.  The data was analyzed by SPSS to make sure objectivity in the results. A survey was conducted in a sample of households to assess time allocation for the main child care activities. Mother's knowledge about child care influences the amount and type of care that is given to children. Time taken to perform various activities was also found to vary with the mother's educational level, father's educational level, their occupation, number of children less than five years in the house and the child age and birth order. Comparitively, children who were malnourished had less time devoted to them for breastfeeding, activeness of the child and feeding. Although mothers were the primary caregivers, the responsibility of care giving was shared with their relatives, other household members and also with neighbours. The amount and type of care that a child receives is determined to a large extent by the mother and caregiver knowledge. The study found that effective mother's and father's knowledge regarding the child care had a profound impact on the delivery of quality child care practices.

Why we choose this project is to get the awareness in parents to take care of  their children .And this project mainly focus on children whose age is below 5 years .Now a days the parents are busy in their jobs and don’t care about their children .Many parents know use childcare  from their child’s infancy from their playschools or creche…etc .Early childcare is an equally important and often  overlooked component of child development quality care from a young age can have a substantial impact on the  future successes of children . In some cases, it is also seen that children care for other children. we outline a series of interventions with a strong theoretical and empirical evidence base for improving physical and cognitive development of young children in the mentioned areas, including improved nutrition and sanitation, parental stimulation, parental involvement and care taker focus on cognitive and emotional development of the child.We hope that this project will inform that how and which factors are more influenced on child health.

Objectives of the study:

To examine the child care practices in the study area i.e. Greater Visakhapatnam city. To find determinants for causing the mortality in the study area. To suggest the suggestions for policy makers

Methodology:

The information that we have collected for the survey childcare practices and health status For children below 5 years and the information we have collected in the areas like Maddilapalem, Gurudwara, Seethammapeta, NAD, Peddawaltair ,Chinnawaltair, HBcolony , Venkojipalem, Pedhagadhulu, Madhurawada, P.M.Palem, Gidijala and Gajuwaka.

The statistical package for the  social sciences (SPSS) software plat form offers advanced statistical analysis, avast library of machine learning algorithms, text analysis, opensource extensibility, integration with big data and seamless  Deployment into applications. It'sease of use, flexibility and scalability make SPSS accessible to user so fall skill levels.What 's more, it's suitable for projects of all sizes and levels of complexity and can help you and your organization find new opportunities,improve efficiency and minimize risk.With in the SPSS software family of products, SPSS statistics support a top-down, hypothesis testing approach to your data while SPSS modeler exposes patterns and models hidden in data through abottom-up, hypothesis generation approach.

The Chi-square test is a test that involves the use of parameter to test the statistical significance of the observations under study. It was denoted by and was discovered by "HELVERT" .In 1876 and was developed by " KARL PEARSON" in 1900. The task of the Chi-square test is to test the statistical significance of the observed relationship with respect to the expected relationship. The Chi square statistic is used by the researcher for determining whether or not a relationship exists. The researcher should know that the greater the difference between the observed and expected cell frequency, the larger the value of the Chi square statistic in the Chi square test. The rear varieties of Chi square tests that are used by the researcher .They are cross regulation, Chi square test for the goodness of fit, likelihood ratio test Chi square test , etc.

Results and Discussions: In this study the total frequency of Female respondents are 113 and the total frequency of Male respondents are 87.Father wise occupation of the sample respondents are presented in the Table. 2. Hence we conclude that there is majority of children are females.

From the above table, it is observed that total sample respondents are 200. Among these respondents 14.5 percent respondents occupations government job and 47.0 percent respondent occupations private job and 38.5 percent respondent occupations daily labour the total valid percent is 100.Hence we conclude that there is majority of respondents are government job holders.

From the table, it is noticed that regarding the educational status of the respondent, 46. 5 percent are having less than SSC and the frequency is 93.20. percent are less than intermediate and the frequency is 40.About 33.5 are above graduates and the frequency is 67.The total valid percent is 100.Hence we conclude that the educational status of the respondents the majority is less then intermediate.

From the table, it is observed according to the age and sex of the children's are the total number of female respondents are 56.5 percent and the total number of male respondents are 43.5 percent .Among them from the age of 0 to 12 months the female's are 4 percent and male children's are 6 percent and the total  percent is 10 .From the age of 1 to 2 years the female's are 8. 5 percent and male's are 3. 5 percent and the total percent is 12. From the age of 2 to 3 years the female's are 14.5 percent and male’s are 6 percent and 21.5 is the total percent. From the age of 3 to 4 years the females are 13.5 percent and male's are 11.5 percent and the total percent is 25. From the age of 4 to 5 years the female's are 16 percent and male's are 16.5 percent and the total percent is 31.5

From the table, it is observed that the child was born on before or after the delivery. 62.0 percent of children are born in the correct time of the delivery date and 13.5 percent of children are born in after 5 days of the delivery date and 13.5 percent of children are born in after 2 days of the delivery date and 7.0 percent of children are born in below 10 days of the delivery date and 4.0 percent of children are born in below in 15 days of the delivery date.

Major Findings of the study:

  The major finding of the study is as following, After analysing the percent score of having heard about the child care practices. Majority of the respondents had heard about this child care practices. Some of them had totally had no knowledge about child care. Present study showed that there is some lack of awareness about child care practices and its important factors of giving healthy food and good environment among the parents. As a result many health issues for example: diarrhoea, measles and fever, cough, cold ,etc. Most of the parents were aware became they were educated but the remaining parents were uneducated so they don’t follow any measures to look after their children.

Parent study showed that the majority of the parents education is 46.55% are having less than SSC and the frequency is 93.20% less than intermediate and the frequency is 40. About 33.5 are above graduates and the frequency is 67. The total valid percent is 100. So majority of educated parents are more that means majority of the people were aware of the child care practices and also aware of their health status.

 POLICY IMPLICATIONS

·  Implicitly  government can motivate people to reduce inequalities that stem from health and human capital formation in childhood.

· This entails implementing policies that remediate outcomes for disadvantaged children as well as protect against further disadvantage.

·   Several significant steps need to take policies on nutrition.

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Project -3

 

AWARENESS OF E-WASTE AMONG GRADUATE

(A Case Study of Greater Visakhapatnam City)

ABSTRACT

The electronic industry in the world’s largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry in the world. The increasing “market penetration” in developing countries. E-waste contains many toxic components like cadmium and mercury etc.Electrical and electronic equipment comprises like laptops, mobile photos, computers, TV’s, etc. In India 50,000 tonnes of e-waste imported illegally every year. Approximately 40% of heavy metals found in landfills come from earth.

They are three keys to e-waste for managing i.e. reduce, reuse, and recycling. Reduce principle is promoted at design level. EU’s restriction of hazardous substances. Reuse principle promoted reusing of EEE. While recycling principle refers to e-waste recycling for both formal and informal sector. Recent research in India, for instance, reveals that in recycling workshops there are about, 4,50,000 child workers between of 10 to 14 age working at informal e-waste centres with no safeguards.

According to UNC global e-waste Monitors, 2015, India occupied fifth position among the top 5 e-waste producing countries in 2014 by discarding 1.7 Million tons (Mt) of e-waste. India generated about 0.4 million tons of e-waste annually from computers, Mobile phones, and televisions set only with an expected growth rate 10-15% per year. The Ministry of Environment and Forest Government of India has brought new e-waste rules 2011, into force on May 2012.but still 90% has been handled by the informal sector that rampantly follow unscientific and unsafe methods for dealing with e-waste. As for state wise rank Andhra Pradesh got 3^rd position in generating of e-waste according to discarded e-waste in country in 2012.

They are some many impacts of e-waste products in human health like cutting and burning in process of dismantling, shredding, acid baths etc. it also affected liver and kidneys.

The main source of electronic waste in India are the government, public and private (industrial) sectors which account for almost 70 per cent of total waste generation. Our first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru has said in 1961 that the pace of change in the world was greater due to new avenues was opening with application of electronics, atomic energy etc. electronic industries took place in India took off around 1965 with an orientation towards space and technologies. The mainly consuming electronic products at initial are black and white televisions, radios and audios products etc.

Since the 1990s, the India economy moved away from being tightly regulated by the government to the regime of liberalization and opening up to the global economy. India economy has witnessed significant growth in the last two decades. The IT has contributed significantly to the overall growth. In the recent years, the electronic industry has been  growing very rapidly.

Objectives of the Study To find the out awareness of e-waste among the graduates ,To find the out awareness regarding the products and materials used in e-waste , To find out the methods preferred for disposal and management of materials regarding the e-waste products, To find out about the most frequently used electrical/electronic products, To find out the awareness regarding government laws and policies on e-waste that are currently implemented in India.

To outreach the objectives of the research, a questionnaire was prepared in order to assess their knowledge Perception and Practices regarding E-waste. A study was conducted among 210 respondents. Data collected was analyzed using SPSS Software. The present study was conducted in areas like Yendada, Sagarnagar, Madhurawada, Arilova and Pedhawaltair in Visakhapatnam. Stratified random sampling has been used for the selection of sample. Out of 210 samples a list 20 samples has been included in which 30 samples has been send to  respondents through mail questionnaire method eventually only 20 responses has been received after then it was planned to select the remaining 190 samples  randomly by surveying the respondents who come under the categories of  B.sc, B.com, B.A, B. tech and B.B.A.

Results and Discussions: In the study 67. 6 percent were aware about e-waste and 32.4 percent not aware about e-waste.  Hence it is conclude that the respondents who aware about e-waste are more than the respondents who not aware about e-waste. 7.61 percent are choosing metal/glass/wood as e-waste products, 79.04 percent are choosing mobile/laptop/printer as e-waste products, 8.09 percent are choosing plastic /rubber/paper as e-waste products and 5.23 are choosing plant products as e-waste products. Hence it conclude that the respondents who aware about the products which are come under e – waste are more than who not aware about the products used in e-waste. 29.52 percent were not much aware about the materials used in e-waste, 19.04 percent know quite a lot about the materials used in e-waste and 27.14 know a bit about the materials used in the e-waste. Hence it is conclude that the respondents who were not much aware about the materials used in e-waste are more than the  respondents who were not known, know quite a lot and know a bit about the materials used in the e-waste. , 34.28 percent were not aware about the hazardous fraction in e-waste need a special treatment in order to be safely disposed and 65.71 percent were aware about it hence it is conclude that the respondents who were aware about the hazardous fraction in e-waste more than the respondents who were not aware about the hazardous fraction in e-waste. 22.85 percent are choose in that there is know any policy present, 62.85 percent were not aware about the policies present on e-waste, 14.28 percent were aware about some other related government policies present on e-waste. Hence it is conclude that the respondents who were not aware about the policies present on e-waste are more than the others. 45.71 percent were purchasing 1 to 3 electronic products, 10 percent were purchasing 4 to 6 electronic products and 2.85 percent respondents were purchasing more than 6 electronic products in a year. Hence it is conclude that the respondents who were purchasing 1 to 3 electronic products in a year are more than the other respondents. 35.23 percent spend less than 10000 on electronic products, 40.95 percent spend 10000 to 20000 on electronic products, 17.14 percent spend 20000 to 30000 on electronic products and 6.66 percent spend more than 30000 on electronic products in a year. Hence it is conclude that the respondents who were spend 20000 to 30000 on electronic products are more than the other respondents. 

Major Findings of the Study: The major findings of the study are as following, After analyzing the percentage score of having heard the word ‘e-waste’. Majority of the students had heard this term..some of them were totally ignorant about this word. Present study showed that there is some lack of awareness about e-wastes and its management among the student. In this era of cybernetics, young generation is being influenced by ‘cyberphilia’ (extreme love and fondness for technology). As a result, worldwide e-wastes are generated uncontrolled and unchecked. 

Most of the students were aware that mobile/laptop/printer as e-waste products and very few of them were choosing plant products as e-waste products. 

Most of the students do not throw away the outdated games. They like to store their games and this is because they themselves observe their parents storing old appliances in their storerooms, major percent of them are throwing household domestic and e-wastes outside their premises to be burned in open air. It demands a major shift in people’s selfish attitude, not concerned about the serious negative impact on the ambience of residential neighbourhood.

37.1% agreed to sell their old gadgets to buy new and latest ones. We have websites which sell second hand materials at attractive prices. It is worth noting that 14.8% of students are inclined in disposing off their gadgets in recycling centre.  31% found it difficult to repair their e-waste products because of price f repair compare with replacing.

Majority of respondents are influenced to e-waste products because of their new and advanced features.

Among all e-waste products it is found that a very highest percent of respondents i.e. 80.5 % are using mobiles, hence the impact of mobiles are more than other e-waste products. 

Many of them are not aware about governmental laws and policies of environmental protection , also they lack the knowledge regarding the special laws framed exclusively for e-waste and its handling. 

Policy Implications: As many respondents were not even aware of ‘e-waste’ term so it is the responsibility of the teacher to impart the basic knowledge related to e-waste.

Study curriculum should be revised in terms of environmental education and it should include e-waste chapter in textbook.

Educating students about 3 Rs that is Recycle, Reduce and Reuse. Emphasizing on the economic, social and environmental benefits of recycling, reducing and reusing 

Encouraging the students and community members to donate their old computers, mobile phones, printers etc. to non-profit organization or charities center. The youth waste management practices is crucial because this tech savy generation contributes to the waste menace and they are also responsible in providing creative solutions to solve the near future environmental waste issues. Children need to have the appropriate orientation, the required skills, positive attitude and commitment to take the initiative towards solving existing environmental problems and preventing new ones to arise in other to live sustainably.

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