Factors Which Motivate To Smoke Among Adults – A Statistical Analysis
(With Reference to Visakhapatnam City)
Abstract
Cigarette
smoking is one of the major killers in the world. Like most
people, you already know
that smoking is
bad for your
health. People start smoking for different reasons. Some think it looks
cool. Others start because their family members or friends smoke. Almost all
adult tobacco users
started before they
were 18 years old. Smoking
is a hard
habit to break
because tobacco contains
the very addictive
chemical nicotine. Also beware of
vamping. Battery-operated e-cigarettes use
cartridges filled with
nicotine, flavourings, and
other harmful chemicals
and turn them
into a vapour
that’s inhaled by
the user. In fact, there
are reports of
serious lung damage
and even death
among people who use e-cigarettes. smoking leads to health
problems such as Heart Disease, Stroke,
Lung damage, Many types of Cancer –
including lung, throat, stomach, and bladder cancer.
Smoking can affect
sexual health in both men and women. who smoke while pregnancy or before
they got pregnant usually give birth to babies with birth defects, who are
premature or are underweight. Teen smokers can have many of these problems are:
Bad breath, Bad-smelling clothes
and hair, Trouble keeping
up in sports, Greater risk
of injury and
slower healing time, Increased risk
of illness. Surgeon General’s
report on tobacco
is the second
to focus solely
on young people. the
symptoms of addiction
in youth are
similar to those
in adults. if young people
can remain free
of tobacco until
18 years of age,
most will never
start to smoke.
Tobacco use is a global epidemic among young people. nearly one
in four high
school seniors is
a current smoker. Most young smokers become adult
smokers.
Thousand of young
people start smoking cigarettes every day.
Each day, about 2000
people younger than
18 years smoke
their first cigarette. Each day,
over 300 people
younger than 18 years become
daily cigarette smoker.
And many adult cigarette smokers want to quit smoking. The Indian health
ministry’s attempts at issuing warning labels on tobacco products. In October,
the then health minister Harsh Vardhan wanted this to be raised to 85%, with
60% graphic images and 25% written warnings.
WARNING:CIGARETTE
SMOKING IS INJURIOUS TO HEALTH” The prevalence of tobacco use in india ranged
from 14% among aged 13-15 years to 57% among males aged 18-49 years. Tobacco
use is continuously increases with a rate of 3.4% annually. Present study was
conducted to find the prevalence of smoking and factors associated with smoking
among youth population. The prevalence of tobacco use among children and
teenagers, Rates of overall tobacco use remain high, however. In 2015, 25.3
percent of high school students and 7.4 percent of middle school students used
a tobacco product. Cigarette smoking by gender and age is smoking prevalence is
highest among young adults: 23% of those aged 16-24 and 24% among the 25-34 age
group. The only thing that really helps is staying away from all these
products. If you do smoke or vape and want to quit, you have lots of
information and support available. When quitting, know that the first few days
are the hardest. So don’t give up. Some people find they have a few relapses
before they manage to quit for good. Staying smoke-free will give you more
money in your pocket, and in the long run, more life to life.
Objectives: To examine which factors motivate the adults to become a smoker. To analyse really aware on ill health problems due to smoking. To find remedies to reduce access of tobacco products.
Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire study
was conducted among 18-25 year old college going students attending various
colleges. All those who were current smokers were included into the study only
after explaining the study purpose and obtaining informed consent from them.
Hence, a total of 500 students participated in the study. A 31-item self
administered questionnaire was used for the study(Table 1A and 1B). Each item
was a closed-ended question with a single answer. The questionnaire items
included several self-report measures developed and used over numerous studies,
as well as , several report measures used by other investigators in other
studies to measure the knowledge, attitude and practice towards smoking and its
ill effects on oral and general health. Twenty subjects pretested the
questionnaire to assess validity and suitable modifications were done before
field administration. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha internal
consistency coefficient [the value averaged0.82].
The questionnaire assessed about the
tobacco use, no of cigarettes they smoked every day, what form of smoking do
they prefer, early smoking experiences and sensations, factors that might
motivate a quit attempt, ill effects of smoking on oral health, other
psychosocial variables associated with adolescent smoking and about the
different NRTs available. Before the revised survey was administered, prior
permissions were obtained from the heads of the respective institutions.
Ethical clearance was obtained from the institutional board. The pre tested
questionnaire was administered after explaining the study purpose and informing
that they were required to complete the entire questionnaire. This was done to
reduce drop outs due to incomplete questionnaire. No study subject was forced
to complete the questionnaire. Study subjects were not permitted to discuss
among themselves while answering the questionnaire and the survey was completed
in the presence of the investigator. The investigator clarified doubts and
answered students’ queries regarding the questionnaire.
Data was analyzed
using the SPSS software Version 16.0.Descriptive statistics included
percentages, frequencies and chi square tests were used to find out significant
differences. (p<0.05)
Snowball Sampling: Snowball sampling is where research participants recruit other participants for a test or study. It is used where potential participants are hard to find. It’s called snowball sampling because (in theory) once you have the ball rolling, it picks up more “snow” along the way and becomes larger and larger. Snowball sampling is a non-probability sampling method. It doesn’t have the probability involved, with say, simple random sampling (where the odds are the same for any particular participant being chosen). Rather, the researchers used their own judgment to choose participants.
Snowball sampling consists of two steps:
Identify potential
subjects in the population. Often, only one or two subjects can be found
initially. Ask those subjects to recruit other people (and then ask those
people to recruit. Participants should be made aware that they do not have to
provide any other names.
These steps are repeated
until the needed sample size is found. Ethically, the study participants should
not be asked to identify other potential participants. Rather, they should be
asked to encourage others to come forward. When individuals are named, it’s
sometimes called “cold-calling”, as you are calling out of the blue.
Cold-calling is usually reserved for snowball sampling where there’s no risk of
potential embarrassment or other ethical dilemmas.
For example, it would be easier to
cold-call participants in a study for families who regularly dine at fast-food
restaurants than it would be to cold-call people who are having extra-marital
affairs. Snowball sampling can be a tricky ethical path to navigate. Therefore,
you’ll probably be in contact with an institutional review board (like this
one) or another department similarly involved in ethics.
Period Of Time:
Here
we are 5 members in a group and the period of time. we have taken is 15 days
for the collection of the data from different branches.
Major Findings:
The
analysis relating to sample respondents belonging to various areas and various
occupations explains that there are 172 people here who are addicted to the
smoking are explained below:
The table, here is explained that the total
frequencies are 172. The respondent result from akkaipalem is 13.4 percent and
respondent result from allipuram 3.5 percent and respondent result from angati
d is 2.3 percent and respondent result from Anthony nagar is 1.7 and respondent
result from arilova is 1.2 and respondent result from bheemili is 1.7 percent
and respondent result from chinnawaltair is 1.2 percent and respondent result
from dabagardance is 1.7 percent and respondent result from dondaparthi is 6
percent and respondent result from dwarakanagar is 1.7 percent and respondent
result from gajuwaka is 6 percent and respondent result from gopalapatnam is 6
percent and respondent result from gurudwar is 6 percent and respondent result
from hanumanthawaka is 6 percent and respondent result from isukathota is 6
percent and respondent result from H.B colony is 6 percent and respondent
result from jagadamba is 1.7 percent and respondent result from K.G.H is 2.9
percent and respondent result from kailasapuram 6 percent and respondent result
from kancharapalem is 1.2 percent and respondent result from komadhi is 2.3
percent and respondent result from krishna nagar is 1.2 percent and respondent
result from lalitha nagar is 1.2 percent and respondent result from M.V.P is
3.5 percent and respondent result from madilapalem is 6.4 percent and
respondent result from maharanipeta is 2.3 percent and respondent result from
murali nagar is 1.2 percent and respondent result from P.M palem is 1.2 percent
and respondent result from pedawaltair is 6 percent and respondent result from
poorna market is 2.3 percent and respondent result from Prasad gramam is6
percent and respondent result frompurna market is 6.4 percent and respondent
result from r.k beach is 1.2 percent and respondent result from railway colony
is 4.7 percent and respondent result from ramatakise is 6 percent and
respondent result from ram nagar is 1.7 percent and respondent result from
rushikonda is 1.7 percent and respondent result from sagarnagar is 6 percent
and respondent result salipeta is 4.1 percent and respondent result from
seethamadhara is 5.8 percent and respondent result from sivaji palem is 6
percent and siripuram is 6 percent and respondent result from siripuram is 6
percent and respondent result from steal plant is 6 percent and respondent
result from tathichetlapalem is 6 percent and respondent result from
thagarapuvalasa is 1.2 percent and respondent result from ushodhaya is 6
percent and respondent result from venkatesh is 6 percent and respondent result
from vishalakshi nagar is 6 percent and respondent result from yendada is 6
percent. The total valid respondent is
100.
By
the result it is explained that the
frequency age wise table, it is observed that the total frequencies are
172. From the age of 13 to 16 years the respondent’s percentage is 5.8 and 17
to 20 years the respondent’s percentage is 59.9 and 21 to 25 years the
respondents percentage is 34.3. The total valid percent is 100
The major
finding here is, it is observed that the total frequencies are 172. From the
occupation of smoker , the respondent of the auto driver is 6 percent and the
respondents of the business man is 1.2 percent and the respondents of the cab
driver is 6 percent and the respondents of the call centers percentage is 1.7
and the respondents percentage of cooking is 6 and the respondents of the
driver is 3.5 percent and the respondents of the medical worker is 1.2 percent
and the respondents of private job percentage is 5.8 and the respondents of
sell's man percentage is 2.3 and the respondents of the shop keeper percentage
is 4.1 and the respondents percentage of the software job is 6 and the
respondents percentage of the students are 76.2. The total valid percent is
100.
The table explains that there are 172
people and the family member who smokes
in front of children is 18 people ie: 10.4% and the family members who doesn’t
smoke in front of children is 50 members ie: 29% and the total number of family
members is 68 and the percentage is 39.5% followed by the family friend who
smoke in front of children is 17 members and the percentage is 9.8% and the
family friend who doesn’t smoke in front of their children is 42 members and
their percentage is 24.4% and the total number of family friends are 59 ie:
34.3% with respect to the people who smoke in premises of college is 8 members ie:4.6% and the people who
doesn’t smoke in premises of the college is 10 members ie:5.8% and the total number of people are 18
and their percentage is 10.4% followed by the people who smoke none of the given places is 1 ie :0.5%
and the people who doesn’t smoke in neither of the given places is 26 members
and the percentage is 15.1% and the
total number of people are 27 and their percentage is 15.6% .now The total
people who agrees to this question is 44 members with 25.5% and the people who
disagree with the given question is 128 members that is 74.4% and the total
people are 172 and the percentage is 100%. It also describes that the Pearson
chi-square value is 10.505 and the df value is 3 and significant difference
(2-sided) is 0.015 followed by the likelihood ratio value is 12.872 with df 3
and 2 sided significant difference is 0.005 followed by linear-by-linear
association value is 2.193 with df 1 and 2 sided significance difference is
0.139 and the total number of valid cases is 172.
The above table describes that high
school (complete or incomplete) persons are agree to improvement in their
studies due to smoking is 2 and the percentage is (1.1) and high school
(complete or incomplete) persons are disagree to improvement in their studies
due to smoking is 7 and the percentage is (4) and high school (complete or
incomplete) persons are not sure about improvement in their studies due to
smoking is 3 and the percentage is (1.7) and total high school (complete or
incomplete) persons are agree and
disagree and not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 12
and the percentage is (6.9) and college (complete or incomplete) persons are
agree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 6 and the percentage is
(3.4) and college (complete or incomplete) persons are disagree to improvement
in their studies due to smoking is 19 and the percentage is (11) and college
(complete or incomplete)persons are not sure about improvement in their studies
due to smoking is 13 and the percentage is (7.5) and total college (complete or
incomplete) persons are agree and disagree and not sure about the improvement
in their studies due to smoking is 38 and the percentage is (22) and graduation
(complete or incomplete) persons are agree to improvement in their studies due
to smoking is 16 and the percentage is (9.3) and graduation (complete or
incomplete) persons are disagree to improvement in their studies due to smoking
is 53 and the percentage is (30.8) and graduation (complete or incomplete)
persons are not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 43
and the percentage is (25) and total graduation (complete or incomplete) persons are agree and disagree and not sure
about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 112 and the percentage is
(65.1) and job holders are agree to improvement in their studies due to smoking
is 2 and the percentage is (1.1) and job holders are disagree to improvement in
their studies due to smoking is 3 and the percentage is (1.7) and job holders
are not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 3 and the
percentage is (1.7) and total job holders are agree and disagree and not sure
about improvement in their studies due to smoking is 8 and the percentage is
(4.6) and illiterate persons are agree to improvement in their studies due to
smoking is 0 and the percentage is (0) and illiterate persons are disagree to
improvement in their studies due to smoking is 0 and the percentage is (0) and
illiterate persons are not sure about improvement in their studies due to
smoking is 2 and the percentage is (1.1) and total illiterate persons are agree
and disagree and not sure about improvement in their studies due to smoking is
2 and the percentage is (1.1) and total high school, college, graduation
(complete or incomplete), job, illiterate persons are agree to improvement in
their studies due to smoking is 26 and the percentage is (15.1) and total high
school, college, graduation (complete or incomplete), job, illiterate persons
are disagree to improvement in their studies due to smoking is 82 and the
percentage is (47.6) and total high school, college, graduation (complete or
incomplete), job, illiterate persons are not sure about improvement in their
studies due to smoking is 64 and the percentage is (37.2) and the total people
participated to answer this question is 172 and the percentage is (100).
POLICY IMPLICATIONS:
·
Improving
pension and insurance regulations to encourage divestment from tobacco producers;
· Improving regulations to enable bond issuance and investment for long-term, sustainable finance for switching from tobacco sector.
·
Strengthening
certification and Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) standards
·
Cost of damage to ecosystems estimated through Ecosystem
Services
Valuation and impose those on tobacco industries by form of special tax.
· ***
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